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legatum
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 In some “highly pathogenic” influenza epidemics, the mortality rate can be very high, particularly at their onset, which is usually characterized by fulminant pneumonia.[(http://​www.who.int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​avian_influenza/​en/​)] For instance, from 2003 to 2012, nearly 600 human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, which first appeared in Hong Kong in 1997, have been reported to the WHO, and about 60% of these people have died from their illness.[(http://​www.flu.gov/​about_the_flu/​h5n1/​)] In some “highly pathogenic” influenza epidemics, the mortality rate can be very high, particularly at their onset, which is usually characterized by fulminant pneumonia.[(http://​www.who.int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​avian_influenza/​en/​)] For instance, from 2003 to 2012, nearly 600 human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, which first appeared in Hong Kong in 1997, have been reported to the WHO, and about 60% of these people have died from their illness.[(http://​www.flu.gov/​about_the_flu/​h5n1/​)]
  
- The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic (NIP) had the highest mortality worldwide ever reported for any epidemic, and ranks as the single greatest recorded mortality event in human history.[(J. H. Walters. Influenza 1918: The contemporary perspective. //Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine// 1978; 54: 855-864. It is considered that up to 100 million people may have also died from the Justinian plague (6th century). (B. Lee Ligon. Plague: A Review of its History and Potential as a Biological Weapon. Seminars in Pediatrics Infectious Diseases 2006; 17: 161-170.)] Revised calculations of this influenza pandemic estimate that at least 40-50 million and possibly as many as 100 million persons died worldwide.[(J. S. Oxford. Influenza A pandemics of the 20th century with special reference to 1918: virology, pathology and epidemiology. //Reviews in Medical Virology// 2000; 10: 119-133.)][(“The recorded statistics of influenza morbidity and mortality are likely to be a significant understatement. … A recurring feature of the work on the pandemic in the last couple of decades has been the consistent upward revision of mortality figures. … In almost every instance where a researcher has reexamined the pandemic with a view to determining the true level of mortality, this has led to a significant upward revision. … Global mortality from the influenza pandemic appears to have been of the order of 50 million. However, even this vast figure may be substantially lower than the real toll, perhaps as much as 100 percent understated.” (Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. //Bulletin of the History of Medicin//e 2002; 76: 105-115.))] In only 24 weeks, between 2-5% (50 to 100 million people) of humanity died. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the black-death bubonic plague that swept Europe from 1347 to 1351. [(One third or about 23 million people died when the black death (plague) swept through Europe in the fourteen century.)] As an illustration of the great mortality associated with the NIP, 1.9% of the soldiers in Camp Sherman died of the combined effects of influenza and pneumonia (CIP) per month during the fall of 1918. [(Warren T. Vaughan. //​Influenza:​ An epidemiologic study.// //American Journal of Hygiene//. Monographic Series No. 1. Baltimore, 1921.)]+ The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic (NIP) had the highest mortality worldwide ever reported for any epidemic, and ranks as the single greatest recorded mortality event in human history.[(J. H. Walters. Influenza 1918: The contemporary perspective. //Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine// 1978; 54: 855-864. It is considered that up to 100 million people may have also died from the Justinian plague (6th century). (B. Lee Ligon. Plague: A Review of its History and Potential as a Biological Weapon. Seminars in Pediatrics Infectious Diseases 2006; 17: 161-170.)] Revised calculations of this influenza pandemic estimate that at least 40-50 million and possibly as many as 100 million persons died worldwide.[(J. S. Oxford. Influenza A pandemics of the 20th century with special reference to 1918: virology, pathology and epidemiology. //Reviews in Medical Virology// 2000; 10: 119-133.)] [(“The recorded statistics of influenza morbidity and mortality are likely to be a significant understatement. … A recurring feature of the work on the pandemic in the last couple of decades has been the consistent upward revision of mortality figures. … In almost every instance where a researcher has reexamined the pandemic with a view to determining the true level of mortality, this has led to a significant upward revision. … Global mortality from the influenza pandemic appears to have been of the order of 50 million. However, even this vast figure may be substantially lower than the real toll, perhaps as much as 100 percent understated.” (Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. //Bulletin of the History of Medicin//e 2002; 76: 105-115.))] In only 24 weeks, between 2-5% (50 to 100 million people) of humanity died. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the black-death bubonic plague that swept Europe from 1347 to 1351. [(One third or about 23 million people died when the black death (plague) swept through Europe in the fourteen century.)] As an illustration of the great mortality associated with the NIP, 1.9% of the soldiers in Camp Sherman died of the combined effects of influenza and pneumonia (CIP) per month during the fall of 1918. [(Warren T. Vaughan. //​Influenza:​ An epidemiologic study.// //American Journal of Hygiene//. Monographic Series No. 1. Baltimore, 1921.)]
  
 An estimated 675,000 Americans or 0.7 percent of the U.S. population (103 million [(Population Estimates Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau Internet Release Date: April 11, 2000. Available at: http://​www.census.gov/​population/​estimates/​nation/​popclockest.txt Wade Hampton Frost. The epidemiology of influenza. //Public Health Reports// 1919; 34 (33): 1823-1836.)]) died of influenza during this pandemic, ten times as many as in WWI. When compared to the number of Americans killed in combat in World War I, World War II, Korea, and Vietnam combined—423,​000—it becomes apparent that the NIP was far more deadly than all four wars. Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe during WWI, half of them fell to the influenza virus rather than to the enemy. An estimated 43,000 servicemen mobilized for WWI died from influenza.[(http://​virus.stanford.edu/​uda/​)] An estimated 675,000 Americans or 0.7 percent of the U.S. population (103 million [(Population Estimates Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau Internet Release Date: April 11, 2000. Available at: http://​www.census.gov/​population/​estimates/​nation/​popclockest.txt Wade Hampton Frost. The epidemiology of influenza. //Public Health Reports// 1919; 34 (33): 1823-1836.)]) died of influenza during this pandemic, ten times as many as in WWI. When compared to the number of Americans killed in combat in World War I, World War II, Korea, and Vietnam combined—423,​000—it becomes apparent that the NIP was far more deadly than all four wars. Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe during WWI, half of them fell to the influenza virus rather than to the enemy. An estimated 43,000 servicemen mobilized for WWI died from influenza.[(http://​virus.stanford.edu/​uda/​)]
  
-Some countries lost significant proportions of their population from influenza during the NIP, such as 2.6% for Portugal, 2.8% for the Philippines,​ 3% for Indonesia, 3.7% for Japan, 4% for Guatemala, 4.5% for India (or 13.9 million people), Ghana and the Maori population of New Zealand, 5.5% for Fiji, 6% for Kenya, 24% for Western Samoa, and 45% for Cameroon. [(Siddharth Chandra, Goran Kuljanin, Jennifer Wray. Mortality From the Influenza Pandemic of 1918--1919: The Case of India. //​Demography//​ 2012; 49: 857-864.)]</​sup>,</​sup>​[(Niall P. A. S. Johnson, Juergen Mueller. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. //Bulletin of the History of Medicine// 2002; 76 (1): 105-115.)][(Siddharth Chandra. Deaths associated with influenza pandemic of 1918--19, Japan. //Emerging Infectious Diseases// 2013; 19: 616-622.)][(Christopher J. L. Murray, et al. Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918--20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis. //Lancet// 2006; 368 (9554): 2211-2218.)] Among the Inuit, the death toll was terrible, as some villages lost their entire adult population.[(Warren T. Vaughan. //​Influenza:​ An epidemiologic study.// //American Journal of Hygiene//. Monographic Series No. 1. Baltimore, 1921.)]+Some countries lost significant proportions of their population from influenza during the NIP, such as 2.6% for Portugal, 2.8% for the Philippines,​ 3% for Indonesia, 3.7% for Japan, 4% for Guatemala, 4.5% for India (or 13.9 million people), Ghana and the Maori population of New Zealand, 5.5% for Fiji, 6% for Kenya, 24% for Western Samoa, and 45% for Cameroon. [(Siddharth Chandra, Goran Kuljanin, Jennifer Wray. Mortality From the Influenza Pandemic of 1918--1919: The Case of India. //​Demography//​ 2012; 49: 857-864.)] [(Niall P. A. S. Johnson, Juergen Mueller. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. //Bulletin of the History of Medicine// 2002; 76 (1): 105-115.)] [(Siddharth Chandra. Deaths associated with influenza pandemic of 1918--19, Japan. //Emerging Infectious Diseases// 2013; 19: 616-622.)] [(Christopher J. L. Murray, et al. Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918--20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis. //Lancet// 2006; 368 (9554): 2211-2218.)] Among the Inuit, the death toll was terrible, as some villages lost their entire adult population.[(Warren T. Vaughan. //​Influenza:​ An epidemiologic study.// //American Journal of Hygiene//. Monographic Series No. 1. Baltimore, 1921.)]
  
 Could such a high mortality rate have been prevented from both a prophylactic and a therapeutic aspects? Dr. Eldridge C. Price of Baltimore wrote in December 1919, “Efficiency is ‘the power that accomplishes a desired or
 designed work.’ Therapeutic efficiency, therefore, is the restoration of the patient to health by the application of some 
means designed for that purpose. Could such a high mortality rate have been prevented from both a prophylactic and a therapeutic aspects? Dr. Eldridge C. Price of Baltimore wrote in December 1919, “Efficiency is ‘the power that accomplishes a desired or
 designed work.’ Therapeutic efficiency, therefore, is the restoration of the patient to health by the application of some 
means designed for that purpose.
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 In another survey, Dr. Herbert Roberts of Derby reported that thirty physicians in Connecticut had lost 55 out of 6,602 patients treated, a mortality of 0.83 percent. He said, “There were 21 cases of meningeal form of influenza, and 496 cases of pneumonia.” [(H. A. Roberts. Discussion: Influenza: a favorable mortality and publicity. //Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy//​ 1919-1920; 12: 591.)] In another survey, Dr. Herbert Roberts of Derby reported that thirty physicians in Connecticut had lost 55 out of 6,602 patients treated, a mortality of 0.83 percent. He said, “There were 21 cases of meningeal form of influenza, and 496 cases of pneumonia.” [(H. A. Roberts. Discussion: Influenza: a favorable mortality and publicity. //Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy//​ 1919-1920; 12: 591.)]
  
-Professor Guy Beckley Stearns of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College reviewed reports of 16,913 cases treated by the members of the International Hahnemannian Association (IHA)[(Members of the IHA were known to practice genuine homeopathy.)] with 67 deaths, a mortality of 0.4 percent.[(Guy Beckley Stearns. //Treatment of influenza//​. New York: New York Homœopathic College, 1919, 3.)][(D. C. MacLaren. President’s address. //​Proceedings of the International Hahnemannian Association//​ 1919: 16.)] These last numbers must be fairly representative of the results obtained by genuine homeopathy, as they received 79 responses out of about 130 active American members of the IHA. Dr. Stearns reported that it was notably difficult to obtain replies from many physicians, especially in such busy times, and the tallying sent in probably represents the usual average outcome of the members of the IHA. In fact, subsequent conversations held by Dr. Stearns with many who had not answered showed about the same mortality average as given in the compilation.[(Donald Macfarlan. Materia medica meeting. //​Homoeopathic Recorder// 1920; 35; 262-265.)]+Professor Guy Beckley Stearns of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College reviewed reports of 16,913 cases treated by the members of the International Hahnemannian Association (IHA)[(Members of the IHA were known to practice genuine homeopathy.)] with 67 deaths, a mortality of 0.4 percent.[(Guy Beckley Stearns. //Treatment of influenza//​. New York: New York Homœopathic College, 1919, 3.)] [(D. C. MacLaren. President’s address. //​Proceedings of the International Hahnemannian Association//​ 1919: 16.)] These last numbers must be fairly representative of the results obtained by genuine homeopathy, as they received 79 responses out of about 130 active American members of the IHA. Dr. Stearns reported that it was notably difficult to obtain replies from many physicians, especially in such busy times, and the tallying sent in probably represents the usual average outcome of the members of the IHA. In fact, subsequent conversations held by Dr. Stearns with many who had not answered showed about the same mortality average as given in the compilation.[(Donald Macfarlan. Materia medica meeting. //​Homoeopathic Recorder// 1920; 35; 262-265.)]
  
 Professor Willis A. Dewey of the University of Michigan reported in a survey of 30 homeopathic physicians a loss of 17 among 9,250 patients, a mortality of 0.18 percent.[(W. A. Dewey. Homeopathy in influenza—A chorus of fity in harmony. //Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy//​ 1920-21; 13: 1038-1043.)] Professor Willis A. Dewey of the University of Michigan reported in a survey of 30 homeopathic physicians a loss of 17 among 9,250 patients, a mortality of 0.18 percent.[(W. A. Dewey. Homeopathy in influenza—A chorus of fity in harmony. //Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy//​ 1920-21; 13: 1038-1043.)]
en/misc/talk-saine-novella-question01-part02.txt · Last modified: 2013/07/29 16:01 by legatum